槲皮素通过抑制氧化应激改善3×Tg-AD小鼠的认知功能障碍＊

目的 探讨槲皮素（Quercetin，QT）对含有3个突变等位基因（PS1、APP、Tau）的纯合子小鼠（3×Tg-AD）的认知功能改善作用及其机制。方法 通过基因鉴定确定小鼠的基因型，将9月龄的3×Tg-AD小鼠和其同窝野生对照小鼠随机分为4组：野生型组（wildtype，WT）、野生型 + QT组（WT + QT）、模型组（3×Tg-AD）和模型小鼠 + QT组（3×Tg-AD + QT），每组8只。WT + QT组和3×Tg-AD + QT组的小鼠灌胃给予QT 15 mg/kg/天，WT组和3×Tg-AD组的小鼠灌胃给予等体积溶剂，共治疗8周。第7周进行水迷宫实验检测小鼠的学习记忆能力。采用ELISA法检测小鼠脑组织中的肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α）、白介素-1β（interleukin-1β）和小鼠血清中谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase，GSH-Px）的含量；试剂盒检测小鼠血清中丙二醛（malondialdehyde，MDA）和总超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）的含量以及脑组织中一氧化氮（nitric oxide，NO）的含量；Western blot检测脑组织中核转录因子E2相关因子2和Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1的表达水平。结果 3×Tg-AD组小鼠存在明显的认知功能障碍；而3×Tg-AD + QT组小鼠的学习记忆能力明显提高（P < 0.05）。另外，3×Tg-AD组血清中MDA水平较WT组升高，SOD与GSH-Px水平较WT组下降；3×Tg-AD + QT组小鼠血清中MDA水平下降，SOD和GSH-Px水平则升高。3×Tg-AD组小鼠脑组织中的NO、TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显升高；3×Tg-AD + QT组小鼠脑组织中的炎症因子水平均明显降低（P < 0.05）。3×Tg-AD组小鼠脑组织中的Nrf2表达降低，Keap1表达升高；3×Tg-AD + QT组中，Nrf2表达上调，Keap1表达下调（P < 0.05）。结论 QT可能通过抑制炎症因子和MDA，Keap1的水平，上调SOD，GSH-Px，Nrf2的表达，发挥改善3×Tg-AD小鼠学习记忆能力的作用。     

TDAG51-Deficiency Podocytes are Protected from High-Glucose-Induced Damage Through Nrf2 Activation via the AKT–GSK-3β Pathway

Inflammation - T cell death–associated gene 51 (TDAG51) has been implicated in the development of various pathological conditions. However, whether TDAG51 plays a role in diabetic renal...     

熊磊教授基于“脾为痰源”辨治儿童癫痫临证思路探赜

熊磊教授以理脾为本，将治痰贯穿始终。根据小儿脾常不足、肾常虚、肝常有余的生理特点，癫痫发作期治疗主以涤痰开窍，辅以理气健脾，同时配合活血化瘀通窍与平肝息风潜阳。主要选方为柴芍温胆汤、天麻钩藤饮、桃红四物汤加减；缓解期则以补肾养肝为主，兼以健脾化痰，主要选方为杞菊地黄丸合定痫丸加减，取得较好临床疗效。     

Knockdown of DEAD-box 51 inhibits tumor growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via the PI3K/AKT pathway

BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is one of the most prevalent malignancies that seriously threaten people’s health worldwide.DEAD-box helicase 51(DDX51)is a member of the DEAD-box(DDX)RNA helicase family,and drives or inhibits tumor progression in multiple cancer types.AIM To determine whether DDX51 affects the biological behavior of ESCC.METHODS The expression of DDX51 in ESCC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues was detected by Immunohistochemistry(IHC)analyses and quantitative PCR(qPCR).We knocked down DDX51 in ESCC cell lines by using a small interfering RNA(siRNA)transfection.The proliferation,apoptosis,and mobility of DDX51 siRNAtransfected cells were detected.The effect of DDX51 on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/AKT pathway was investigated by western blot analysis.A mouse xenograft model was established to investigate the effects of DDX51 knockdown on ESCC tumor growth.RESULTS DDX51 exhibited high expression in ESCC tissues compared with normal tissues and represented a poor prognosis in patients with ESCC.Knockdown of DDX51 induced inhibition of ESCC cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis.Moreover,DDX51 siRNA-expressing cells also exhibited lower migration and invasion rates.Investigations into the underlying mechanisms suggested that DDX51 knock down induced inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway,including decreased phosphorylation levels of phosphate and tensin homolog,PI3K,AKT,and mammalian target of rapamycin.Rescue experiments demonstrated that the AKT activator insulin-like growth factor 1 could reverse the inhibitory effects of DDX51 on ESCC malignant development.Finally,we injected DDX51 siRNA-transfected TE-1 cells into an animal model,which resulted in slower tumor growth.CONCLUSION Our study suggests for the first time that DDX51 promotes cancer cell proliferation by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway;thus,DDX51 might be a therapeutic target for ESCC.     

Confounded association between proton pump inhibitor use and risk of biliary tract cancer: Result from three cohorts

Recent epidemiological studies suggested that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use was associated with an increased risk of biliary tract cancer (BTC), however, confounders were not adequately controlled. Our study aimed to evaluate PPI use and subsequent risk of BTC and its subtypes in three well-established cohorts. We conducted a pooled analysis of the subjects free of cancers in UK Biobank (n = 463 643), Nurses' Health Study (NHS, n = 80 235) and NHS II (n = 95 869). Propensity score weighted Cox models were used to estimate marginal HRs of PPIs use on BTC risk, accounting for potential confounders. We documented 284 BTC cases in UK Biobank (median follow-up: 7.6 years), and 91 cases in NHS and NHS II cohorts (median follow-up: 15.8 years). In UK biobank, PPI users had a 96% higher risk of BTC compared to nonusers in crude model (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.44-2.66), but the effect was attenuated to null after adjusting for potential confounders (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.60-1.49). PPI use was not associated with risk of BTC in the pooled analysis of three cohorts (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.60-1.43). We also observed no associations between PPI use with risk of intrahepatic (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.49-2.04), extrahepatic bile duct (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.52-2.27) and gallbladder cancers (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.26-1.66) in UK Biobank. In summary, regular use of PPIs was not associated with the risk of BTC and its subtypes.     

痛情绪相关神经递质及神经环路研究进展＊

痛情绪是指因疼痛引发的情绪和情感体验，是疾病过程中最常见的一种情绪。痛情绪相关神经机制非常复杂，但主要与单胺类神经递质、神经肽和某些神经环路有关，笔者将结合目前研究现状分别从以上两方面展开，就痛情绪相关单胺类神经递质和神经肽在受体分类、脑区通路、共疾病以及各神经递质之间的联系和痛情绪相关神经环路中各个蛋白的作用机制等方面进行探讨。     

乳腺癌随访和药物副作用管理策略的研究进展

乳腺癌是全球女性发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,随着诊断技术及治疗手段的不断提高,乳腺癌患者接受系统治疗后生存期明显延长。乳腺癌患者需要长时间的随访以便及早监测到局部复发和远处转移。此外,激素敏感性乳腺癌患者还需要给予5~10年的内分泌治疗,针对其副作用的全程管理也需要随访,进而提高患者的生活质量,减轻患者疾病负担。本文就近年来乳腺癌随访相关方面进行简要综述。